Mom says Patriot Act stripped son of due process, dated April 29, 2009 Research Paper

Mom says Patriot Act stripped son of due process, dated April 29, 2009 - Research Paper Example Admittedly, there are various powers given to the Federal agents under the Patriot Act. Firstly, they have the right to conduct surveillance and searches even without any probable cause to suspect criminal activity. Moreover, it is allowed to conduct searches without giving prior notice. Another serious issue is that after conducting electronic search or wiretapping, it is possible for the federal agents to secretly arrest a person and divulge no information to the family. Moreover, as McNeill (2011) points out, the Act allows federal agents to keep the matter away from media and attorney for as long as charges are not brought. That means a person who is suspected of terrorist activity may lose all the rights as a citizen. Evidently, the case is interpreted to be Patriot Act case because of the nature of the case. First of all, it was a bomb threat and the medium was internet calls. It is the Patriot Act that gave federal agents the right to search electronic communication, and arres t and retain people without disclosing the matter. In the case of Ashton Lundeby, the federal agents allegedly gave no information to the family or media. Moreover, there was no legal representation allowed. Thus, the case is interpreted as a Patriot Act case. ... For example, if the situation involves a bomb threat by a student against a school, the case is supposed to be deferred to the State or local authorities. Furthermore, it is pointed out that investigations as provided under Section 844(e) do not need to be initiated if a pattern or plan for the offense does not exist. Thus, it becomes evident that the case does not need to be treated under Patriot Act. Evidently, any law like the Patriot Act will have a very negative impact on the quality of civil rights in a nation like America. This is so because the Patriot Act has provided the federal agents the right to look into the private lives of people and listen to everything they communicate. Moreover, it is seen that instead of addressing real terrorism, this new step has touched every sphere of life and protest, and affected areas like freedom of association, freedom of information, freedom of speech, right to legal representation, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to a public t rial, and right to liberty. However, the problem with the new step, according to SNR Denton report (n.d.), is that the government has not so far proved that these initiatives are useful in preventing terrorism. Admittedly, it is not possible to counter terrorism without introducing stringent laws. Secondly, though the search by federal agencies intrude privacy, it is better to have ones privacy taken away by the government than by terrorists. Moreover, as Brawley and Perekrestov (n.d.) argue, only those who communicate something illegal need to fear the close monitoring by federal agencies. For others, it offers added sense of security and belonging. However, the present problem with the

joseph conrad :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad was born in Berdichev, in the Ukraine, in a region that had once been a part of Poland but was then under Russian rule. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was an aristocrat without lands, a poet and translator of English and French literature. The family estates had been sequestrated in 1839 following an anti-Russian rebellion. As a boy the young Joseph read Polish and French versions of English novels with his father. When Apollo Korzeniowski became embroiled in political activities, he was sent to exile with his family to Volgoda, northern Russia, in 1861. After being wounded in a duel or of a self-inflicted gunshot in the chest, Conrad continued a career at the seas for 16 years in the British merchant navy. He had been deeply in debt, but his uncle discharged his debts. This was a turning point in his life. Conrad rose through the ranks from common seaman to first mate, and by 1886 he obtained his master mariner's certificate, commanding his own ship, Otago. In the same year he was given British citizenship and he changed officially his name to Joseph Conrad. Witnessing the forces of the sea, Conrad developed a deterministic view of the world, which he expressed in a letter in 1897: "What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. To be part of the animal kingdom under the conditions of this earth is very well - but soon, as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, and the strife. The tragedy begins." Conrad sailed to many parts of the world, including Australia, various ports of the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Malay states, South America, and the South Pacific Island. In 1890 he sailed in Africa up the Congo River. The journey provided much material for his novel Heart of Darkness. However, the fabled East Indies particularly attracted Conrad and it became the setting of many of his stories. By 1894 Conrad's sea life was over. During the long journeys he had started to write and Conrad decided to devote himself entirely to literature. At the age of 36 Conrad settled down in England. In his famous preface to THE NIGGER OF THE 'NARCISSUS' (1897) Conrad crystallized his often quoted goal as a writer: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you fell - it is, above all, to make you see.

Philippine Taxation System Essay

I. Introduction On hearing the word tax, what usually springs to mind are images of infrastructures, businesses and projects beneficial to the general welfare of the people, or more negatively, the idea of corruption and dirty tricks especially nowadays when numerous issues are colouring the taxation system of the country. With these, today, its importance seems to be overlooked and is viewed more negatively as a burden to the people. Currently, the individual income tax rate in the Philippines stands at 32 percent, which is third highest in the entire Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) region, next to Thailand and Vietnam. A number of the country’s lawmakers already have their hands on this matter and encourages the government to take actions in lowering it down. This matter has become especially important now that the Asean integration free-for-all market in 2015 is nearing. It is important to understand taxation and to determine how well it fits the economy of a country for it is a key factor on its growth. The taxation system has been a hot economic issue and has been causing rage and fury among the people. Clearly, it is a national issue that needs immediate attention and action as it affects the whole of the nation. It will be an agonizing thought if what is known to be the â€Å"lifeblood of the government† will be the very one thing that sucks â€Å"life† out of its people. What’s supposed to be used to finance the basic services such as education and health care as well as infrastructure–which are all vital to the economy’s growth and the improvement of the lives of the people– could be the very same thing that seem to limit the capability of the people to improve their own lives and unforgivingly take away the food in the Filipinos tables. Or is it not? Objectives of the Study The study is aimed to determine the following: 1. The fiscal adequacy 2. Administrative feasibility 3. Equity 4. And the consistency and compatibility of the Philippine taxation system with the Nation’s Economic Direction. Significance of the Study The study is intended to increase the awareness of the readers on the Philippine taxation system. It is specifically addressed to: taxpayers, students and educators. Scope and Limitation of the study The study involves 7 participants who pay taxes for at least 3 years. The participants are selected to represent different social and industry classes. II. Review of Related Literature Nature and Purpose of Taxation Taxation may be defined as the inherent right of the state to levy and collect a portion of each individual and entity’s income from productive endeavors within the states’ political boundaries. Since taxation is inherent right of the state, meaning, absolute right, taxation laws were enacted to limit this right. That is the reason why taxation is graduated, and in most countries, it is progressive. Graduated, meaning, that taxes to be paid are divided into several brackets of income; and progressive, meaning, that the higher the income, the higher will be the tax rate to be paid, and vice-versa. Taxation is very important for the government to exist. Without it, no government can ever exist, as taxes are the lifeblood of the government. Citizens pay taxes in the expectation that the government will protect them with the necessary environment to enable them to live in safety and perform them with the necessary environment to enable them to live in safety and perform their productive activities without fear or hesitation. The Bureau of Internal Revenue is the tax-collecting arm of the government for individual and corporate income taxes. The Bureau of Customs is the government-collecting arm for import taxation. (Cuevas et al., 2012) Procedure of Taxation Taxation is legislative in character. As such, all tax measures emanate from the Congress. The House of Representatives enact taxation bills. Then it goes to the Senate. Then to the joint conference committee and finally, to the Malacaà ±ang Palace for the President’s approval or in few instances, veto. Once the tax measure is approved and published in the official gazette, it becomes a law. It is then forwarded to the tax collection agency concerned for implementation. Normally, the concerned agency drafts an implementing guideline for the guidance of the line personnel whol will actually implement the law to avoid any possible misinterpretation of its implementation. The tax measure normally provides for sanctions and penalties for violators. Principal violations include tax evasion and tax avoidance. (Cuevas et al. 2012) ` Sound Taxation System A sound taxation system should have Fiscal Adequacy, Administrative Feasibility, Equity and consistent and compatible with the nation’s economic direction. The level of taxes collected should be sufficient enough to fund government operations and projects. A tax collection that is less than sufficient will cause fiscal deficit that can stoke inflation. Taxation laws should be easy to understand; that the existing personnel and other administrative resources of the tax collecting office are sufficient and capable of implementing existing taxation laws. Taxation should be progressive and fair. For example, those individual some should pay higher tax rates, and those with low income should either be exempted from taxes or pay negligible amounts of taxes. The government’s tax collection efforts should be supportive of the economy’s short- and long-term plans. (Cuevas et al., 2012) Equity Recently, the public officials have been confronted with allegations of corruptions and inefficient populist schemes. To name a few, the PDAF scam, DAP scam, political grandstanding to bring down 2016 election potential rivals, the alleged overpricing of Makati City parking lot and the 700 million Iloilo convention center. These facts combined with unforgiving tax collection campaign has resulted to negative sentiments about the equitability of taxation in the country. â€Å"The tax being imposed by the government is too much. They even want to tax us my sari-sari store. The mere payment of business requirements already hurts my store. I am working for my family not for the government. The government wants to take all our earnings.† said by a sari-sari store owner in Del Pilar, Castillejos. â€Å"My take home pay is cut into half because of the deductions and tax imposed to us. My gross salary, to be honest is not enough, then they will deduct us (tax and contributions) and y ou will find out from the media that our taxes were corrupted by a syndicate in the government† said by a college instructor in Gordon College. People Respond to Incentives An incentive is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. Incentives are crucial to analyzing how market work. For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat fewer apples. At the same, time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples. In other words, a higher price in a market provides and incentive to buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. (Mankiw, 2013) Public policymakers should never forget about incentives: Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, alter their behaviour. A tax on gasoline, for instance, encourages people to drive smaller, more fuel efficient cars. (Mankiw, 2013) Fiscal Drag Fiscal drag happens when the government’s net fiscal position (spending minus taxation) fails to cover the net savings desires of the private economy, also called the private economy’s spending gap (earnings minus spending and private investment). The resulting lack of aggregate demand leads to deflationary pressure, or drag, on the economy, essentially due to lack of state spending or to excess taxation. One cause of fiscal drag may be bracket creep, where progressive taxation increases automatically as taxpayers move into higher tax brackets due to inflation. This tends to moderate inflation, and can be characterized as an automatic stabilizer to the economy. Fiscal drag can also be a result of a hawkish stance towards government finances. (www.wikipedia.org) Bracket creep describes the process by which inflation pushes nominal wages and salaries into higher tax brackets. Many progressive tax systems are not adjusted for inflation. As wages and salaries rise in nominal terms under the influence of inflation they become more highly taxed, even though in real terms the value of the wages and salaries has not increased at all. The net effect is that in real terms taxes rise unless the tax rates or brackets are adjusted to compensate. (www.wikipedia.org) Supply-Side Effects of Fiscal Policy The changes in tax rates, particularly marginal tax rates, affect aggregate supply through their impact on the relative attractiveness of productive activity in comparison to leisure and tax avoidance. Supply –side tax cuts are a long-term growth-oriented strategy that will eventually increase both SRAS and LRAS. Keynesian Model Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression.  Keynes advocated increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of tGrohe Depression. Subsequently, the term â€Å"Keynesian economics† was used to refer to the concept that optimal economic performance could be achieved – and economic slumps prevented – by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government. Keynesian economics is considered to be a â€Å"demand-side† theory that focuses on changes in the economy over the short run. (www.investopedia.com) Crowding-out Model Crowding out is a kind of expansionary fiscal policy, reduces investment spending. The increased borrowing ‘crowds out’ private investing. Originally, crowding out was related to an increase in interest rates from the borrowing, but that was broadened to multiple channels that might leave total output little changed or smaller. (Blanchard, 2008) One channel of crowding out is a reduction in private investment that occurs because of an increase in government borrowing. If an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in tax revenues leads to a deficit that is financed by increased borrowing, then the borrowing can increase interest rates, leading to a reduction in private investment. There is some controversy in modern macroeconomics on the subject, as different schools of economic thought differ on how households and financial markets would react to more government borrowing under various circumstances. (Tyson, 2012) The Benefits Principle The benefits principle states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services. This principle tries to make public goods similar to private goods. It seems fair that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in total for movie tickets than a person who rarely goes. Similarly, a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a person who gets little benefit. The benefits principle can also be used to argue that wealthy citizens should pay higher  taxes than poorer ones simply because the wealthy benefit more from public services. For example, the benefits of police protection from theft. Citizens with much to protect benefit more from police than do those with less to protect. Therefore, according to benefits principle, the wealthy should contribute more than the poor to the cost of maintaining the police force. The same argument can be used for many other punlic services, such as fire protection, national defense, and the court system. It is even possible to use the benefits principle to argue for antipoverty programs funded by taxes on the wealthy. (Mankiw, 2013) The Ability-to-Pay Principle The ability-to-pay principle states that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden. This principle is sometimes justified by the claim that all citizens should make and â€Å"equal sacrifice† to support the government. 1. What is tax? A – B – â€Å"yan yung pahirap satin lahat. Ayaw ko nga magbayad nyan kasi hindi naman sa maganda mapupunta yang tax na yan. Sobra na nga yung paniningil ng gobyerno. Kahit sa sari-sari store gusto nilang kuhanan ng tax. Yung simpleng pambayad nga lang ng business permit ang hirap na eh. Gusto ata nila para sa kanila magtrabaho. C – â€Å"it is the life blood of the government†Ã‚  D – â€Å"The money extorted from productive people to fill the gov’t bank accounts.† F – â€Å"Kaltas sa sahod. 336 na lang babawasan pa nila†Ã‚  G – It is the money collected by the government from its citizens 2. What do you think is the purpose of taxation? A – Para may pondo ang gobyerno pampagawa ng project B – pampagawa ng mga daan at sweldo ng mga emplyado sa gobyerno C – â€Å"It is used to fund different government projects. Some economists say that taxation reallocates wealth from the rich to the poor because of the progressive taxation system that we have.† D – The purpose of tax is to fund public necessities, services and improvements needed by all citizens with no bias to their status in society. F – â€Å"para sa mga projects ng gobyerno† G – For the general welfare and protection of the country’s citizens and for the development of the economy. 3. For you what is equitable taxation? A – â€Å"wala ako idea† B – â€Å"dapat yung mayayaman mas malaki babayaran na tax kasi kaya nila magbayad di ba? Sila pa nga nandadaya pagdating sa bayaran ng tax tapos kaming mahihirap yung gigipitin ng BIR dyan sa pagbabayad ng tax.† C – â€Å"Progressive taxation because this type of taxation uses the paying capability of the taxpayer as a basis on how much he or she will be taxed.† D – Equitable tax will depend on how much good public services are and how much improvement to be done. F – â€Å"basta pantay-pantay† G – it’s when taxes are collected depending on the social class or income bracket. 4. How much is your annual income? C – â€Å"My take home pay is cut into half because of the deductions and tax imposed to us. My gross salary, to be honest is not enough, then they will deduct us (tax and contributions) and you will find out from the media that our taxes were corrupted by a syndicate in the government† 5. How much do you pay for taxes annually? D – â€Å"32% of my annual income. Which I would not want to disclose as per q#4. Hehe† 6. Do hire an accountant to deal with tax payments? A – â€Å"Nope. Bookkeeper lang.† B – â€Å"Hindi† C – â€Å"Nope† D – â€Å"No. My employer hires accountants to do our taxes† F – â€Å"Hindi.† 7. What do you feel about our country’s economic outlook? A – â€Å"Sabi nila tumataas daw economic growth ng pilipinas pero di ko masyadong ramdam†. D – †Asean economic is on hype right now and will eventually peak after 15 or 20years if no war will occur. Philippine econ is growing by single digit but the market per industry per capita is growing double digits faster than national econs totality. It is safe to say that now is the best time to invest in ph market.† 8. Are you satisfied on how the government provide its services to the public? Why? A – â€Å"di masyado satisfied, wala pa ding nakikitang improvement.† D – â€Å"Yes. There are many improvements on public services. The only problem is the public is not well aware of those improvements and how they can utilize it.† G – â€Å"No, I think priorities are not being properly set and attended to.† 9. For you what is the most efficient tax rate? A – Dahil medyo nag hihirap pa ang pilipinas, ok na siguro ang tax rate ngayon, basta wag lang makurakot, pag konti konti umaangat yung economy dapat baba din yung tax rate. B – 5 % C – 20% D – 9.3% E – â€Å"I don’t give interviews this way. But I’ll answer question 9. As other questions can be answered through interment and books. The most efficient tax system is the flat tax. I propose a 10 % flat rate across the board. This most fair and efficient of all. Done in more than 43 countries and by the most successful ones. Please research on my interviews. Just google my name and flat tax. You’ll find all you need for this issue. Thanks† F – 10% G – less than 30% V. Discussion Most of the respondents agree that an equitable tax system should ask the taxpayers to contribute to the cost of public services based on ability to pay. Tax payments are indeed the lifeblood of the government, any government will not stand without funding from its people. Taxes are also used to create societal order. It is used to protect its citizens. Taxes are used to pay for the salaries of the police and armies. A farmer will not plant his crops if he knows that it will be stolen in the morning, then economic productivity would be impossible. In our current system, the top tax bracket are those earning at least P500,000 or those earning at least P41,667. Those earning P41,667 per month pays the same taxes as to those earning P1,000,000. Everyone will agree that the situation is already inequitable. The tax bracket thus should be adjusted according to the salaries of the taxpayers. All of the respondents does not directly uses accounting  services for the fact that it may be co stly for the since they are in the middle class. Value for your money, the government must make their taxpayers feel that they get value from the money (tax) that they pay. A customer who felt that he/she did not get the value for his money will not return to that restaurant, store or any other business establishment. The same goes with taxpayers they will avoid paying taxes if they feel that it will only be corrupted by public officials. The computation for the most efficient tax rate would be very difficult since it entails factors such as inflation, purchasing power, income, consistency with economic direction and a lot more, which are varying from a day-to-day or weekly basis. If the tax rate was set too low, administrative feasibility would be impossible and if the tax rate was set too high it would be consficatory which is unconstitutional and will lead to tax evasion. VI. Conclusion A good taxation system should provide an appropriate level of revenue on a timely basis, distribute the cost of taxation fairly, promote economic growth and efficiency, be easily administered and ensure accountability. People will avoid paying taxes if they feel that the taxes imposed are confiscatory in nature and this in turn reduces the tax base. The inequity of the tax system negates the command of the Constitution. The endless complains of the middle class towards the strict tax collection drive of the BIR may be lessened if they feel that there equity, or the rich is paying more taxes than them. The middle class should not be burdened more than the higher class. The BIR collected 1.2 trillion for 2012 however the government budget deficit still bloated from 197.8 billion in 2011 to P235 B. The Philippines, with the current taxation system, is always on budget deficit. And these year after year deficits includes huge amount of money thus resulting to higher public debt that the taxpayers also pay, with interest. It is time to change on how the government tax its people. Lowering the tax rate will not necessarily mean that it will lessen the budget of the government. Lowering tax will increase the tax base of the government and it will increase the cash flow in the economy, let the people decide where to put their money. Whichever way they use it, it will be productive to the economy since they are spending, when someone is spending another one is profiting and through profits is where the government gets its taxes. Unlike  if taxes are corrupted and stored into secret bank accounts. VII. Recommendation The recommends that more respondents be included in the study. The taxation system of the country needs a lot of reforms. The taxation system should be based on the taxpayer’s ability to pay and should not be confiscatory in nature. Lowering the tax rate and increasing the tax bracket ceiling will initially lower tax collection but will increase it by the next year or two because the tax base will enlarge. Bibliography Books Abola, Victor, Villegas, Bernardo, (2001). Economics An Introduction. Pasig City, Philippines: Inkwell Publishing Company, Inc. Cuevas, R.C., Paraiso O.C., Larano, L.C., (2011). Macroeconomics. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc. Mankiw G.N., (2013). Principles of Economics. Pasig City, Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch). McCaCandless, G.T. (1991). Macroeconomics theory. New Jersey: Harper and Row. Internet Fiscal drag. (2014, April 16). Retrieved from Wikipedia.org. October 10, 2014. Fiscal Drag Definition | Investopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014.

Research into Indian management and cb Richard Ellis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3556 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Research is one of the ways to find answer to question (Kumar, 2005:6). In this chapter the researcher talks about the different methods used to gather the information about the Indian facility management industry in order to meet the aim and objectives of the research. The researcher has to make sure that what kind of research philosophies to be adopted while choosing the methodology, (Saunders et al, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research into Indian management and cb Richard Ellis" essay for you Create order The researcher should fulfil the overall research study with great honesty and confirmable form, which gives a clear understanding of the various methodologies used in analysing the Indian facility management industry and the reasons why the methodology was selected. (Saunders et al, 2003). It is carried out by briefly introducing the summary of the topic which has been reviewed and presents the research design used. The research design discusses various elements of the process including the purpose of the study, data collection and analysis techniques, population and sampling procedures, the qualitative and quantitative research conducted, etc to enable a clear understanding of the processes involved. 3.2 Summary of Previously Work The previous work of this on Indian facility management industry has been summarized as follows: 3.2.1 Objective The requirement to develop and sustain property and facility management strategies to align with the changing external requirements in India a pragmatic study on CB Richard Ellis to augment its strategic competitive capabilities 3.2.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses Based on the above objectives, the following research questions are identified: Does the increase in company buildings pose an increased demand for professional facility management agencies in India? H1: There is an increased demand for professional facility agencies in India due to increased company buildings. Can go green policies and improved core services in facility management help CB Richard Ellis improve its present market share? H2: Prioritising go green policies and other core services have a positive impact on the CB Richard Ellis performance Can efficient management strategies and better research and value added services overcome the traditional mindset of facility management being a cost centre and Result in improved employee performance? H3a: Efficient management scan overcome the traditional mindset of facility management being a cost centre and results in improved employee performance Influence on the clients selection of a facility management company? H3b: Research and Value Added Services has an influence on the clients selection of a facility management company 3.3 Research Design The research design helps to develop a framework to gather the required data or information and also helps to analyze the same, to achieve the fundamental objectives of the study (Burns and Bush, 2006). It is the element that holds the entire research together. A research design can be described as a basic plan, which guides the phase of both analysis of the data and data collection process that should be done on the facility management industry in India. Suitable methodology should be chosen and appropriate data gathering techniques have selected to fulfil the need of information in research (Babbie Mouton, 2001). Thus, a well drafted research design would outline all the critical steps involved in the process of research. The research has designed to gain an insight in to the Indian facility management industry and to understand the views of clients, vendors and professional of CB Richard Ellis, Asset services-India. Three types of research designs are conclusive research, perfo rmance monitoring research and exploratory research (Kinnear and Taylor, 1996). The table below represents the graphical description of research design framework followed by the researcher to conduct the research. Data Analysis Ready for analysis Hypothesis testing Feel for data Interpretation Goodness of data Data collection Method Interviews Questionnaires Secondary Data Study Setting Contrived Non-contrived Time Horizon Cross sectional Longitudinal Researcher Interference Minimal Manipulation Unit of Analysis Individual Group Sampling Design Sampling process Types of Investigation Causal studies Co relational studies Purpose of Study Exploratory or Descriptive Hypothesis testing PROBLEM STATEMENT Measurement Measures Nominal scale Ordinal scale Interval scale Ratio scale Fig 3.1: Research design Source: Sekaran 2003 Kumar (2005) says that the design of research has two primary purposes: Recognize and develop procedures and logistical arrangements to carry out the research Highlight the importance of quality in the procedures to ensure validity, objectivity and accuracy Thus, the researcher has summarized the purpose in designing the research as follows: To conceptualise an operational plan to undertake various procedures and tasks to complete a study on the facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis To ensure that these procedures are adequate to obtain valid, objective and accurate answers to the research questions that were developed by the researcher on the company and the industry in which it is operating. This is referred to as control of variance by Kerlinger (1986). 3.4 Purpose of Study The researcher has followed exploratory studies to explain the variables of interest. The exploratory research aids the researcher in improving the understanding of a topic that he may not know enough about and results in greater depth of understanding of the topic. This kind of research helps in gaining a clear insight in understanding the facility management industry in India and gives a clear course of action to find the data which has not been previously found. Usually all the collected information and data is informal and unstructured which is put forward as a hypothesis, which will be more specific as the researcher gain a correct knowledge of the industry and CB Richard Ellis (Churchill, 2004; Burns and Bush, 2006). The literature review which has been conducted in the earlier chapters has thrown light on the concepts surrounding the field of facility management in India. This study would gather relevant data from professionals who are associated with CB Richard Ellis in Ind ia and also the professionals related to the industry to derive the results of the study. 3.5 Types of investigation When the researcher wants to delineate the cause of a problem, then the study is called a causal study. This is basically a study based on cause and effect (Kotler Armstrong 2005). If a researcher merely wants to identify the important factors associated with the problem then the Correlational study is called for (Sekaran, 2003). The researcher has used causal study questions to investigate different aspect of the problem. The researcher tries to establish the cause-effect relationship the Indian facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis is facing. The researcher having established the relationships between variables in the literature review, the survey will aim at understanding the implications from the facility management professionals point of view. 3.6 Extent of researcher interference The extent of interference by researcher is determined is mainly based on whether the study undertaken is causal or correlation (Sekaran, 2003). The researchers influence to conduct a correlational study will be minimal while it may be necessary to manipulate certain variables in order make a causal study. In the context of this study, the variables are limited to facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis by the researcher. Also, the objective is to focus on listening to the interviewees and surveys so as to understand their opinion of the professionals in accordance with the research objectives and there is no motive to limit any extent of conversation. As such interference can be expected to be minimal. 3.7 Study setting Study setting could be either contrived or non-contrived (Sekaran 2003). The study conducted by the researcher has been in a non-contrived or natural environment setting. The researcher has not used any artificial or modified environment for the research. The researcher has considered all individual and the other aspects of the respondents as same as the events that occur in natural environment. The researcher has used respondents who are associated with either Indian facility management industry or CB Richard Ellis to conduct the study in a natural environment. Thus, the author has no influence on the study environment. 3.8 Measurement and measures A scale is tool which help people to distinguish between variables (Robbins 2004). According to Sekaran (2003), there are four types of scale. Nominal scale: designed to assign respondents to certain categories or groups Ordinal scale: categorizes the variables and also ranks the groups in some meaningful way. Interval scale: each option is a range of values Ratio scale: it measures differences between the points on the scale and also shows the proportion in the differences. But Wong (1998) says that, there exists a fifth scale called Yes/No scale which provides only two options. The combination of Likert scale and Yes/No scale has been considered by the researcher to conduct the survey and interviews to have a better understanding of the subject matter. 3.9 Unit of Analysis A unit of analysis is the unit about which we obtain information: it is the unit about whose characteristics we describe (Vaus 2002). The unit of measurement is individual when the problem statement focuses on individual reaction but when the study is directed comparing groups then the unit of measurement would be group. The data is collected and analyzed according to each facility management professionals opinion; therefore, the unit of analysis would be individual. 3.10 Sampling Design ÂÂ  Sampling or sample selection is organised to find a particular number of respondents who will be representing the vast population. By selecting a suitable sample, the results of the study can be generalized towards the entire population (Cooper and Schindler, 2007). The research deals with the facility management industry in India. As such, a random sampling technique will be highly ineffective. Thus, it is important to choose the right sample in order to receive valid responses. As such, purposive sampling (non probability sampling) will be used for the survey. The sample will be the professionals concerned with facility management industry in India. Statisticians have proved that the larger the absolute size of the sample, the more closely its distribution will be to the normal distribution and more robust it will be (Saunders et. al., 2003) and it is known as central limits theorem. A sample size of 61 respondents was initially chosen to ensure the reliability of the survey results. For interview process, the researcher has considered a sampling size of 9 respondents who are a part of CB Richard Ellis India. The interview process will require individuals who have assumed a certain position in CB Richard Ellis. Hence, non probability sampling will be used for the interview process. Further, purposive sampling technique is used to enhance the effectiveness of the survey. The table below represents the sampling plan. It was decided that the purposive sampling strategy would followed. This is a non probability sampling strategy which is considered to be typical of the wider population. SAMPLING PLAN Population Description Sampling frame Sample size Sampling Technique FM Professionals, Clients and suppliers Interview 9 9 Purposive sampling Survey 61 61 Purposive sampling Fig 3.2: Sampling plan Source: Researcher, 2010 3.11 Time Horizon The principal options available for researchers to deal with the issue of time are cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. According to Babbie (2009), cross sectional study involves observations of a sample or phenomenon that are made at one point in time. On the other hand, longitudinal study permits observations of the phenomenon over an extended period (Babbie 2009). The data has been collected only once from the respondents over a brief period of time. Henceforth, the time horizon would be attributed as cross-sectional as the data is collected at the same point of time from the professionals. 3.12 Data collection: Source of Data A data gathering exercise is the primary need for a researcher while conducting a basic research study. Accordingly, the researcher may follow a qualitative or quantitative approach. In either approach, the researcher can distinguish between primary and secondary research. According to McNabb (2004), primary data means the researcher gathers new data that may be in support of the study conducted. The primary data would be gathered from the facility related individuals. Similarly, secondary data is the gathering of information that has already been previously published and hence very reliable (McNabb 2004). The secondary data will be obtained from the books, journals and articles which are related to facility management industry. 3.13 Data collection Method Collection of data can be done by using two different methods primary research and secondary research. The gathered data will be further analyzed using various tools to get the results of study (Churchill and Lacobucci, 2002).This study makes use of a quantitative survey using a questionnaire and interviews as a means to gather primary data. In order to reduce the amount of error produced, the respondents were briefed about how they need to fill in the questionnaire. Two types of data collection method is explained in brief in below paragraph. 3.14 Secondary Data The secondary data is used to meet the objectives of research and analyze the collected data (Saunders et al.2003). According to Bradley (2007) the good researcher is the one who starts with the secondary data before planning to design primary research. According to Crowther Lancaster (2008), secondary data is essentially second hand data that may have been previously collected for reasons that vary from the actual research it may be used for. Generally gathering secondary resources is relatively simpler as these datas are already available in the form of books, Journals, Electronic journals, business magazines, articles etc. But the researcher have to collect, frame and structure it as it is needed and sometimes the data which is collected may be raw data or may be compiled data related to the Indian facility management industry (Kumar, 2005). According to Bradley (2007) and Saunders (2003) the secondary data helps the researcher to understand the literature and background which was already written by the number of authors about the topic which again helps the researcher to keep the study on focus. The use of secondary data in this research is extremely valuable in order to understand the variables, examine the relationships and draw conclusions with topics related to the Indian facility management and CB Richard Ellis. This will help in providing a comparative analysis on the facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis once the primary data is retrieved thereby making the interview and survey process more meaningful. In this study the secondary data is used to make the analysis more reliable and remarkable. 3.15 Primary data One of the most challenging tasks for the researcher in this research was of collection of meaningful and truthful collection of primary data from the field (Bradley, 2007). Primary datas are first hand data which has been collected from the organization and society by the researcher. These datas are never been published before and are gathered personally by the researcher for research purpose with the help of structured interviews and by distributing questionnaires (Bradley, 2007). The primary data would be gathered from the facility related individuals in India. 3.16 Interview and Surveys The interview pattern has been structured and face-to-face. The researcher asks the same questions to the respondents. Face-to-face interviews have a higher degree of accuracy since the researcher has direct access to the respondents. The researcher has chosen respondents who assume an important position in CB Richard Ellis, India, to conduct the interviews. It is recognised that structured interviews play an important role in developing exploratory models and preparation of more systematic forms of investigation. The interviews also provide an improved clarity on the subject matter to the respondents. 3.17 Questionnaire design The design of questionnaire is very important in the research process. It is a systematic procedure, which requires continuous input from the researcher to make the questionnaire easy, simple, interesting and encouraging to gather the required information easily (Burns and Bush, 2006).ÂÂ  The idea behind this is that samples from a certain population are administered a number of questions and the researcher makes inferences about the population from the data that is gathered (McNabb 2004). The author further explains that the greatest advantage of a questionnaire lies in the fact that it can be tailored to meet the objectives of any research subject thereby signifying its flexibility. The researcher has chosen facility related professionals to derive a valuable conclusion on the research topic. Other advantages according to McNabb (2004) are that questionnaires can be designed to determine peoples opinions and thinking patterns, measures factual knowledge, etc. In this researc h the questionnaire is designed by keeping focus of research question and objectives of study in mind. Care has to be taken not to complicate the questionnaire in any manner by asking confusing questions. 3.18 Data Analysis 3.18.1 Preparing for data analysis The data analysis method chosen is both qualitative and quantitative. Saunders et al (2007) state that, qualitative research is usedÂÂ  predominantlyÂÂ  as a synonym for any data collection technique (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categorising data) that generates or use non numerical data. Further, Cooper and Schindler (2008) state that qualitative research includes an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate , and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world. The data obtained for qualitative research will be from the articles, books and journals which relating to Indian facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis. The data will be sorted will be sorted manually by the researcher as the data collected will be varied. Saunders et al (2007) state that, quantitative is predominantly used as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that generates or uses numerical data. Muijs (2004) further states that quantitative research is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). Consequently, Babbie Mouton (2001), describe the three steps in preparing data for analysis as follows: Coding: Although codes may be derived from the theory being explored, researchers can use open coding where codes are suggested by the researchers examination of the information and questioning of the data. Memoing: Memoing at various stages of data processing is important as it captures code meanings, theoretical ideas, preliminary conclusions and other thoughts that will be helpful during the analysis. Concept mapping: Concept mapping makes use of diagrams to explain or establish relationships in the data graphically. Other simple measures to be undertaken before analysing data includes discarding incomplete data, editing unwanted data and examining outliers that may exist. 3.18.2 Hypothesis testing Hypothesis testing is a process based on the sample data and probability theory in order to understand if the developed hypothesis is justifiable (Jackson, 2009). Hypothesis testing is an important part of the data analysis. The researcher has chosen T Test method and regression analysis to prove the hypothesis that was developed in the previous chapter. 3.18.2.1 T Test The T-Test was invented by William Sealy Gosset in 1908. It is also called Students t distribution. It is statistical hypothesis test. The main purpose of the t test is to conclude if the null hypothesis could be rejected or not based on the statistical output (Koh and Owen, 2000). Regression Analysis Regression analysis is a tool based on statistics to understand the connection between variables (Sykes, 2008). It is a technique used to model and analyse numerical data. The regression analysis mainly analyses the impact of one variable on the other. Further, it is an important tool in the hypothesis testing process. 3.18.3 Data Interpretation Schoenbach (2004) says that analysing and interpreting the results are the reward for the work of collecting data. The researcher has to focus on the addressing the purpose of study. The data interpretation should relate to the study objectives and research questions which are related to facility management in India. Data interpretation occurs as gestalt shift and represents a synthetic, holistic and illuminating grasp of meaning, as in deciphering a code (Spiggle 1994). The success of the research could be owed to the good interpretation of data. 3.19 Limitations of the Study Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies have their own limitations. Despite having an advantage of using Quantitative methodology, it has its own limitations. It has been argued by various authors that the limitations that they have in the qualitative methodology are the finding, which can be generalized to the total population (McQuarrie McIntyre, 1988). It is impossible to measure or evalu ate Qualitative method but however can be rendered with the participants thoughts and their needs (Marks, 2000). The results of the survey and interview may represent the vision and thoughts of the individual. This may cause the research to deviate from identifying the actual scenario. The interpretative process is used to understand the collected information is subjective and to show the ability of the researcher to translate and assign correct meaning to the collected information (Spiggle, 1994, Kress Shoffner, 2007). There is a remote possibility that due to lack of experience of the researcher the result, which is translated, can be misinterpreted information. 3.20 Ethical Consideration The researcher reserves the right to maintain the confidentiality of the respondents of the survey as per the request from the respondents. Thus, the only the output of the survey would be revealed and the confidentiality of respondents of both survey and interview would be maintained. The respondents are endowed with the right to withdraw partially or fully from the process, due to their voluntary nature. 3.21 Conclusion The researcher has described the research methodology followed to conduct the research on the Indian facility management industry and CB Richard Ellis. The details would impart the reader clear indication of the parameters considered by the researcher to analyse the industry. The researcher has considered all the critical parameters that would influence the research on facility management industry and has followed a holistic approach to develop the hypotheses.