Robert Frost an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Robert Frost The American poet Robert Frost is, to a great extent, a controversial writer, although he has been ranked among the classics of literature. Frosts biographical data are important in the analysis of his work, since he is generally considered as one of the most representative poets of New England due to the local color that he infused into his poetry. He was born in San Francisco and, after he got married, he lived for ten years on the farm his grandfather had given to him in Derry, New Hampshire. Need essay sample on "Robert Frost" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Since the income coming from the farm was too low for his numerous family, Frost took up teaching, first in Derry and then in Plymouth. During the ten years the poet spent at the farm in Derry he wrote poetry and endeavored to publish it in various journals and periodicals in New Hampshire, but almost all the editors refused his work. Conscious of his artistic talent and dissatisfied with the lack of appreciation his work met with every time, Frost moved to Great Britain in 1912 where he hoped to promote his work. He soon became acquainted with the other great American poets that lived in England, such as Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, as well as with the British modernists, such as W. B. Yeats or Lascelles Abercrombie. Pound and the other poets wrote positive reviews of his work, and Frost soon became acknowledged as one of the classics of poetry. After having published his first two volumes of poetry A Boys Will and North of Boston in England, Frost returned to America and found out w ith surprise that his second book had become famous in his native country too. The obstacles Frost met with at the beginning of his artistic career continued even after the official recognition of his work, in spite of the many awards he received. His particular style in writing received many praises but also a lot of criticism. Among the things that mostly distinguish Frosts poetry from that of other poets are his naturalism and his preoccupation with poetical form. Frost is a naturalist both because he is an avid portrayer of nature and scenery and because he instilled as much local color as possible from the provinces of New England, being concerned especially with the degeneration he sensed in the lives of the farmers and country people in America. As Amy Lowell noted, Frost is an ironic and almost sarcastic naturalist, who poignantly depicts the reality of the modern New England province, rendering its decay and ugliness: [] and the modern New England town, with narrow frame houses, visited by drummers alone, is painted in all its ugliness. For Mr. Frost's is not the kindly New England of Whittier, nor the humorous and sensible one of Lowell; it is a latter-day New England, where a civilization is decaying to give place to another and very different one. (Greenberg, 50) Nevertheless, in spite of the chaos and decay it sometimes depicts, Frosts poetry is extremely ordered and poised in terms of form and expression, his rhyming and his choice of words often achieving perfection. Also, the technique Frost uses in almost all his poems is what sets his work apart from the other contemporary writers: he uses the data and the images gathered from the physical world in his poem in such a way that nature gains a philosophical significa nce: There is the poet for whom external nature has a philosophically serious significance, either deliberately worked out or revealed by its implicit presence in a substantial body of work. Such poets may be capable of compelling powerful responses in the receptive reader, responses with an ethical or a metaphysical dimension.(Nitchie, 5) It was for these main characteristic of his work that Frost met with critical resistance many times. Thus, he was considered by his contemporary out of touch with his time, because his poetry did not aim at modernist innovations, and was too conservatory in both form and subject: Mr. Frost, for instance, is singularly out of touch with his own time []He does not understand our time and will make no effort to understand it. When he essays to speak of it, as in the long poem "New Hampshire" (one of the poorest in the book and a sort of pudding of irrelevancies), he shows a surprising lack of comprehension. There, to the challenge of contemporary ideas, he replies with know-nothing arrogance, Me for the hills where I don't have to choose. In fact, Mr. Frost's work is weakest in ideas. His style is gnomic; it sounds impressively thoughtful and many sentences have the rounded conclusiveness of proverbs. But his thought, disengaged from the style, is often discovered to be no thought at all, or a banality. (Greenberg, 61) Too much traditionalism, banality and lack of originality are among the flaws most commonly attributed to Frost by his contemporaries. Also, Isidor Schneider criticized the lack of depth of Frosts psychological analysis and his limited insight: Related to this lack of a developed and original philosophy is another lack. Mr. Frost's narrative poems are frequently poised upon a psychological situation. But Mr. Frost as a psychologist does not get very far. He can describe sensations perfectly; in fact, such descriptions are among his finest achievements. But he does not reach beyond the sensation; and in a psychological narrative he does not reach beyond the fact.(Greenberg, 61) However, some of the most criticized elements of Frosts poetical style are intentional. For example, his lack of originality and his stubborn traditionalism are part of his own design and artistic beliefs, as Frost himself noticed: []they ask me why I write poetry. I write poetry because it's been written before. I'm not original enough to originate a whole new realm of action.(Barron, 105) Frost believed that triviality and simplicity are the main poetical modes of delivering a serious, philosophical message, and that the essence of poetry is to say one thing and to mean another: Poetry begins in trivial metaphors, pretty metaphors, grace metaphors, and goes on to the profoundest thinking that we have. Poetry provides the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another. People say, Why don't you say what you mean? We never do that, do we, being all of us too much poets.(Greenberg, 89) Thus, Frost aims at universality and a true depiction of real life through the use of very particular and banal provincial imagery. He describes natural landscapes and bits of country life that are very particular of New England, but manages nevertheless to get his meaning through and to offer an understanding of life in general, as David Morton noted in his review of New Hampshire: Once I was present at a spirited controversy between two excellent critics as to the significance of Robert Frost--the one contending that [688] this poetry could make no claim to great and lasting art, because of its exceedingly provincial character, unintelligible to readers unfamiliar to the section, and the other answering with the names of Dante and Burns. It seemed to me then, and it seems to me now, that neither point of view touched the case of Frost with exactness.[] We may count upon a certain universality of comprehension of life for life wherever it appears and with whatever eccentric gesture. (Greenberg, 55) Frosts technique is thoroughly analyzed by Reginald Cook in his study, who notes that the main characteristic of his work is the organic form that the poet employs whenever he writes. Thus, Frosts poetry has an unfolding quality, that is, it develops its ideas organically in the text and does not simply build around pre-established themes: The first dominant aspect in Frost's theory is a preference for the organic and the natural over the geometrical and the self-conscious. Here he agrees with Spenser's for soul is form and doth the body make, and with Emerson development of this idea in his essay on The Poet, when the latter refers to a thought so passionate and alive that, like the spirit of a plant or an animal it has an architecture of its own, and adorns nature with a new thing. (Cook, 46) Most of these formal aspects and particularities are found in Frosts Tree at My Window, which lends itself to a psychological interpretation like many of the authors other works. The poem typically begins from a mood inspired to the author by the tree outside his window. It is an impression that the poet picks up from the natural world and which is further developed in the text in an almost unconscious manner. The ideas simply grow at the same time with the text: From its origin in the vague mood, which committed the poet, until the last sentence is set down, the poem unfolds organically, like a leaf from a bud.(Cook, 47) Frost thus proceeds from an object that he describes to the feeling that it inspires in him: [] he proceeds distinctly and clearly without confusion, from the object seen to the feeling which it arouses in him.(Cook, 47) The tree that stands outside and bears the changing of seasons and of weather becomes a symbol for the changing psychological moods of the poet. As many other poems by Frost, this one links a natural element to a psychological one. The trees sensations when he is shook by the winds and storms outside are contrasted with the ones experienced by man in his inner world. The tree can suffer only from the outer weather, but man has his inner weather, his own storm of thoughts and feelings. It is obvious that the tree and the man are not likened but rather contrasted here since Frost emphasizes the lack of profoundness in the trees sensations: Vague dream-head lifted out of the ground,/And thing next most diffuse to cloud,/ Not all your light tongues talking aloud/ Could be profound. (Frost, 133) The trees comparison to a dream-head which has light tongues talking aloud first introduces the connection between the natural and the human world. Like the man, the tree is subject to various sensations because of the weather, but none of these is really profound. The trees light tongues are not capable of real expression. The next stanza seems to correct this first observation as the poet remembers having seen the tree tormented by storms and different sensations: But tree, I have seen you taken and tossed,/ And if you have seen me when I slept,/You have seen me when I was taken and swept/ And all but lost.(Frost, 133) However, the parallel between man and tree is again used for contrast: the man who is taken and swept in his dreams, an image which is meant to suggest the torments of the psychological world and to emphasize the fact that only man is able to experience these sensations in his inner world as well. The window with no curtain that stands between man and tree is thus sy mbolic of the partial separation between man and nature: the tree is, in a way, complementary to man, or the natural world is complementary to the inner world of man. The poem thus expresses a philosophical idea as well: it discusses the uniqueness of man, of the human mind and imagination in the physical universe. The poet states that fate has used her imagination when putting the two heads together, that of the tree and that of man, that is, fate gave two aspects to the world the physical and the spiritual: That day she put our heads together,/Fate had her imagination about her,/Your head so much concerned with outer,/Mine with inner, weather. (Frost, 133) The two forms of weather are thus symbols for the spiritual and the natural world, which are similar in their manifestations but separated at the same time, as one is inner (the man is in the house) and the other external (the tree is outside in the natural world). From a formal perspective, Tree at My Window develops a philosophical or psychological theme starting from an image that is seen or remembered. As the poet himself theorized, poetry makes a point out of the waste, raw material of observation: Poetry builds from its own waste, and the only thing that isn't waste is the point in a poem or story.(Cook, 47) Another very important characteristic of the style of Tree at My Window is that of suggestibility, that is, Frosts belief that the form, the flow and the sound pattern of the poem are the most important poetic means in transmitting an idea: The best of a poem," Frost will tell you, is when you first make it, the curve that it takes, the shape, the run, the flow, and then you can come back to it.(Cook, 48) The poet must find the most appropriate and economic means of expression of an idea by[] eliminating many words and impressions, and by making the exact choice(Cook, 49) Thus, an accomplished poetical form is the one in which every words is capable of influencing the meaning of the other words: Every word does something to the other words.(Cook, 50) In Tree at My Window, the parallel between the tree and man is built with the help of the substitution of the terms coming from the natural world with those coming from the natural one, and vice versa. The tree has a dream-head, and ligh t tongues, while man is subject to the inner weather. Thus, Robert Frosts poetry distinguishes itself through the way in which it makes use of the natural imagery to express a metaphysical or psychological idea, and through the development of the theme in an organic form, that blends the content with the textual elements. Works Cited: Barron, Jonathan N. and J. Wilcox. Roads not Taken: Rereading Robert Frost. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000 Budd, Louis J. and Edwin H. Cady. On Frost: The Best from American Literature. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991 Cook, Reginald R. The Dimensions of Robert Frost. New York: Rinehart, 1958 Cox, Sidney. A Swinger of Birches: A Portrait of Robert Frost. New York: New York University Press, 1957 Doyle, John Robert Jr. The Poetry of Robert Frost: An Analysis. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1962 Frost, Robert. Collected Poems of Robert Frost. New York: Henry Holt, 1930 Greenberg, Robert A. and James G. Hepburn. Robert Frost, an Introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961 Nitchie, George W. Human Values in the Poetry of Robert Frost: A Study of a Poets Convictions. Durham: Duke University Press, 1960

Free Essays on Nurse Anesthetists

Nurse Anesthetists www.aana.com Anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the US for over 100 years. Nurse anesthetists’ association name is the American Association of Anesthetists. There are a total of 42% of the nations 28,00 CRNAs are men, versus approximately 5% in the nursing profession as a whole. They are required to have education and experience to become a CRNA (certified registered nurse anesthetist), which include a Bachelor of Science in Nursing; hold a current license as a registered nurse; at least one years experience in an acute care nursing setting; graduate from an accredited school of nurse anesthesia; and pass a national certification examination following graduation. They have many responsibilities that include taking care of the person and doing the breathing for them at times during surgery on a patient.... Free Essays on Nurse Anesthetists Free Essays on Nurse Anesthetists Nurse Anesthetists www.aana.com Anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the US for over 100 years. Nurse anesthetists’ association name is the American Association of Anesthetists. There are a total of 42% of the nations 28,00 CRNAs are men, versus approximately 5% in the nursing profession as a whole. They are required to have education and experience to become a CRNA (certified registered nurse anesthetist), which include a Bachelor of Science in Nursing; hold a current license as a registered nurse; at least one years experience in an acute care nursing setting; graduate from an accredited school of nurse anesthesia; and pass a national certification examination following graduation. They have many responsibilities that include taking care of the person and doing the breathing for them at times during surgery on a patient....

Australian Aboriginal Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Aboriginal Art - Essay Example Museum Anthropologists The paintings should not be relocated. Some of the paintings have weathered and been damaged by various factors and need retouching for effective conservation but no relocation is necessary. The paintings occupy valuable space and need to be relocated to less obtrusive places. The paintings must remain where they are unless they absolutely have to be removed to conserve them. Community Workers The paintings generate income for the local aboriginal populace and should not be removed from where they are. The paintings are fairly lucrative avenues of income for the aboriginal people and should not be removed from where they are. Relocation should actually add to the productive value of the paintings. Believe with the community workers Tutorial 2: This task requires answering the following question. What are some of the types of questions that can be successfully answered using the study of archaeologically significant stone artefacts The following questions may be successfully answered after careful study of stone artefacts that have been left behind by Australian aborigines of the past. It is notable that the questions are specially geared to the Australian aboriginal context. 1. By artefacts are only finished products being considered or both them and debris left behind after making them 2. What are the main methods used to make these artefacts and are any of such methods geographically exclusive 3. What were the types of rocks usually used in their manufacture and are any of these types exclusive to particular manufacturing methods 4. Are the types of materials geographically specific 5. What were these artefacts used for and are there any geographic... The Groote Eylandt aborigines have been much influenced by both colonists and the indigenous people of Indonesia, the latter having provided them with certain cultural influences like beliefs in sea creatures more common to Indonesian communities. The former contacts have provided the aborigines with means of employment in mining (Groote Eylandt Aborigines, Encycl. of Mankind, pp. 727-729, Undated). Though they have retained their own culture principally Christianity, and partly Islam from the Indonesians, continues to wield much influence on the communities. While these aborigines have a principally societal group structural this may be because of their environment which induces them to hunting/gathering, a technique of survival that is best suited to small and mobile groups (Groote Eylandt Aborigines, Encycl. of Mankind, pp. 727-729, Undated). The Huli have been fortunate in having lands that are extremely fertile and cultivation of sweet potato and rearing of pigs provides much economic independence from latter migrants. This is even though many Huli today are employed in mining and oil and gas operations (Ballard, 2002).

The Link between Education and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Link between Education and Health - Essay Example According to Michael Grossman, increase in personal knowledge is normally directly proportional to the market’s economical productivity. Although a number of writers claim that health is similar to human capital, there has been no solid proof for these theories. According to Grossman (1972), there is a difference between health capital and human capital. He goes ahead to state that market productivity and non-productivity is normally affected by a person’s stock of knowledge (1972). Many medical economics students have come to realize that customers that are constantly in search for medical services are actually on the right track because they have a right to access good health (Grossman, 1972). Although traditional demand theory states that purchase of goods and services be allowed for utility functions, on their part, economists claim that medical care demands be at the expense of the health section. Traditional theory states that consumers are assigned utilities that enable that rank a variety of goods and services bought in the market (Grossman, 1992). Effects of education on health can be either direct or indirect. The direct effects are evident on how it influences both productive and allocative efficiencies. Conversely, indirect effects include educated people working in safe and clean environments in addition to holding higher ranks in the society(Clark & Royer, 2010). Through education, there is usually a change in the way people communicate, their behavior and the type of choices that they make (Feinstein et al., 2006).The production function is responsible for the creation of Gross investment especially in health capital. The direct inputs of these functions comprise of the right to housing, medical care, recreation and exercise (Grossman, 1972).

"Critique on Rupert Murdoch's tweet and being a muslim in Article

"Critique on Rupert Murdoch's tweet and being a muslim in the european society" - Article Example Terror attacks have traditionally been linked to Islamic extremism than any other religion in the world. Since the terror attack on 9/11 in U.S, most people across the world have developed islamaphobia with every subsequent terror attack such as the one directed to French Newspaper (Erlanger, & Bennhold, 2015). However, Islam has been on the receiving end of unwarranted criticism because terror attacks have always been orchestrated by a few extremist groups and not the entire Islam community. According to U.S Congress linking terrorism to Islam only fuels hatred and fear, which is a plus for the terrorists (2007). Therefore, Murdoch’s sentiments should be reviewed in this light. Indeed, Islamic leaders across the world have always condemned hundreds of terror attacks. Additionally, there are a number of terror attacks already organized and executed by non-Muslims. It can be argued that Murdoch’s tweet represents a mindset of many people across cultural settings. According to him, Islam needs to carry the cross whenever any terror orchestrated by Islamic extremism happens. Whereas Islamic leaders such as Olivier Roy have condemned terror attacks every time attacks happen (Erlanger, & Bennhold, 2015) , the entire Islamic community has not taken a strong and long lasting stand against terrorism. For instance, Islamic leaders have not been on the global forefront in funding anti-terror related organizations and campaigns. Most of the support Islam has given to anti-terrorism activities has mostly remained verbal (Frost, 2008). From Murdoch’s perspective, Islam has a more rigorous job to do when it comes to fighting terrorism. However, Murdoch has been highly criticized together with other people who share his ideology regarding Islam and terrorism. It is arguably impossible for the entire Islam community to fight

Social Issues In Sport

Social Issues In Sport Sociology is the study of how society is structured and how people experience life through its processes, directly or indirectly. A basic understanding of social issues helps us to learn how these processes affect us in everyday life. Discussing social issues in sport can help us understand different sociological concepts and perspectives of sport in society. These sociological perspectives can help explain the underlying reality of sports organisations, participation barriers, influence on sport performance, and how to develop strategies to deal with social complexities. Such concepts include that of; functionalism, figuration, class and Bourdieu, conflict and Marxism. Functionalism is a perspective that examines society through a functional framework which stresses that everyone and everything, no matter how seemingly harmful or out of place, serves a purpose. Society is looked at on a macro scale so it generalises ideas toward the whole of society. For example they look at what ed ucation does for society as a whole not just certain people in society. Functionalists also believe that society is based on consensus or agreement that we are all brought up to agree on how to behave and what values are right and wrong. Functionalism could be described as the most generalized of the sociological perspectives. It does not distinguish between cultures and it cannot effectively explain change. It also assumes that all social groups benefit equally from sports. The functionalist viewpoint is a distinct contrast to that of figuration. Figuration is a sociological concept that believes everyone is linked in groups of interdependence, such as schools, families and in the workplace. Sports games are seen as microcosms of social life. For example, a basketball match is in a constant state of flow, with ongoing tests of physical and mental balance between opponents. It suggests power exists only through interconnected relationships and that a stronger competitor still needs weaker opposition to be successful. Due to a more increasingly complex society, there is a greater need for social interdependency, therefore continuing the civilizing process. Unlike the Bourdieu theory, where there are distinct divisions between social classes. The Bourdieu theory of class and classification evaluates the social world and expresses the division between classes, age groups and the sexes. It believes there is a highly complex system of social positions, structured and fighting for the ultimate goal of control over capital. The field is a competitive system of social relations in an area or place where there is a struggle for power between the dominant and subordinate classes. Capital may be categorized as social, cultural or economic. This sociological concept also explains the use of habitus, a conscious or unconscious train of thought stemming from social origins. It influences the way we act by our common preconceptions. Were it not for the influence of Pierre Bourdieu, the notion of class would be given surprisingly little individual attention in the sociology of sport. In contrast to this perspective, there is the theory of Conflict which resembles some of the conceptions of figuration. Conflict theory and Marxism is a structural sociological hypothesis, structural meaning that our actions are determined by social forces and structures. Conflict theory explains society as a fight for authority, linking groups that are struggling for limited capital. Karl Marx was the socialist thinker behind conflict theory. He believed that capitalism would in due course be overtaken by communism. This Marxist based theory suggests that the social classes within society are in a constant fight to gain capital, and that the more powerful groups, usually higher class, use that power to exploit those with less power, usually the lower working class, in a bid to stay in control. This will now be discussed further, as a more detailed explanation into Marxism and Conflict theory will be given. Karl Marx is best known as a philosopher, a revolutionary communist and a social scientist (Burke, 2000), whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. He believed that capitalism would ultimately be replaced with communism, a classless, stateless society. He thought that society consisted of two interconnecting parts; infrastructure and superstructure, each playing there part in the process. Infrastructure includes and signifies all the power of production. This includes method of production, labour force, the logical and physical abilities of workers and the organization of social classes. Infrastructure interlocks with superstructure, which is the foundation, and which refers to the different forms of societal consciousness, such as; ideology, religion, philosophy and the political structure. As Coakley (2002) reiterates, Marxist theory focuses on economic activities and relations, the infrastructure, and their impact on social institution s, such as politics and culture, the superstructure. Marxist theorists assume that social development is initiated through economic processes, in particular, any change in the system of production. The economic conditions of capitalism involuntarily generate social economic conflict between the owners of production and the workers; this is known as the class struggle for power. Marx believed that this exploitation would become conscious to the working class and unite the people, resulting in the elimination of the class struggle. Marx saw the upward rise of the working class as the driving force of its own freedom. It would be this working class, created and organized into an industrial workforce that would overcome its domination and lead in a society liberated from exploitation and oppression. What the bourgeoisie consequently would produce would be its own downfall (Burke, 2000). In his disapproval of the wage structure and the acceptance of the working class to live with it, Mar x explained the need for false consciousness, used by the Bourgeois class and how social life influences consciousness. What Marx meant by this is that the ruling capitalistic class within society reap the benefits because it is very one sided. Antonio Gramsci was one of the first Marxist theorists to work on the problems of major change in twentieth century western society and to recognize the importance of the battle against bourgeois values, such as an ideological cultural struggle (Burke, 1999, 2005). Marx claimed that one way to help release the stranglehold of the bourgeois on the proletariat was to remove control over education. He assumed that education had been used to reinforce class consciousness and the capitalists system of production and with power wrested from the bourgeoisie, the proletariats position would then be reinforced by the promotion of proletarian ideology through education (Carr, 1972). Marx felt that education, as a social institution that imparts values, and by the introduction of free education, this would guarantee a distribution of cultural opportunity. Therefore, no longer would education support class distinctions and capitalist ideology, although in todays society it does still happen, wit h private schooling available to those with greater economic capital. One of the main topics within the study of Marxism is the thought that all social changes result from conflict between existing classes in society. Marxists believe that the main ideology of each society is the ideology of the ruling class. Marx believed that this concept could be applied throughout all of history and would continue to exist, ultimately resulting in a proletariat revolution and the abolishment of all classes. Burke (2000) suggests that what Marx brought was to recognize that the existence of classes was made due to the production or economic structure and that the proletariat, a new working class that capitalism had shaped, had a historical capability in helping toward the collapse of all classes and to the construction of a classless social order, resulting in the creation of communism. Berger (1982) also shows that history is based on unending class conflict just as Marx stated. In contrast to this view, Boyne (2002) suggests that class appears to be less noticeabl y determinant of social action now than was the case just a quarter of a century ago, and that it has even been overtaken in the ranks of social structural influences by ethnicity, economic geography and gender. Marxs view was complete economic sight. The two classes have interests in common; therefore they are in conflict with those of a whole other class. This is turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes (Berger, 1982). In addition, Marx did not recognise other systems of classification. The Marxs perspective only views the classes between employer and employee as a substantial system of classification, and others like; religion, race, and nation, are not included. The reasons behind this being that, Marx believed these social influences were not natural or useful to humans. It is in the relationship between work and sport that socialist sport theorists draw a strong association. A basic physical relationship is seen between work and sport, in so much that fundamental forms of work activity are repeated in the motor movements of sport. Although the technical development of society is now at a stage where elite sport as a preparation for productive work is no longer necessary in the manner that Marx envisaged it, the approach supporting the relationship between production and sport still exists even though a certain degree of independence is now granted to sporting activity. Through these similarities, sport was used as a capitalist control tool. As shown by Delany T and Madigan T (2009), Karl Marx said that religion is the opiate of the masses, this is means that Marx saw religion as a way of dulling the pain of reality by encouraging a feeling that no matter how oppressed of unfulfilled the working class may be, there will be a joyous afterlife for thos e who endure such inequalities on earth. Since then, a Marxist perspective from Hoch (1972) said that, Five generations ago, Karl Marx called religion the opiate of the masses. Today that role has been taken over by sports. He suggested that people were more concerned by baseball and football scores than the Vietnam War at the time. Both views relate, as both are social institutions within society, and the realisation that sports is in the age of the spectator and consumer, giving an escape from reality that some people crave during everyday life. The bourgeois as a social class, is defined by Marx as those with ownership of capital and power. Therefore, they do not agree with the Marxism concept, simply because a communist society would not be beneficial to them in anyway, showing that those with power and influence do not wish to share or lose it. Sport, just like society, is an ever changing institution that has grew and moved on with the times. Sport is not the same kind of activity in the advanced capitalist societies of the late twentieth century as it was in the pre-capitalist societies of the seventeenth century. As Jones (1988) states, in the early stages of industrialisation sports was a diversion, but more than that, it was linked to rules and hierarchies of an established social order, as well as often a release from them. The society reinforcing sport was very different to todays democratic interests and commercialised lifestyle. By the twentieth century football has become structured and pacified, despite the hooligan element. It has become a spectator sport, controlled on a national basis and is a fundamental aspect of todays consumer culture. It is a necessary distraction in their lives. For millions of people, participation in sport offers an escape from the hard work of everyday life, and something that they be nefit from. For many others, watching sport live or more so these days, on television, gives both a release from workday stresses and allows a straightforward and easy identification with sports athletes or sports clubs which offer them satisfaction in their lives. Football related disorder, or what it is more commonly known as, football hooliganism, is a kind of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse and aggressive posturing through to rioting and even murder. Such things have been a regular topic of many books, DVDs, web sites, digital games, features films and documentaries in the UK over the last two decades. Although this subject has been portrayed in many ways in recent history, it is a very real concept, and can be explained by many theorists relating to sociological issues. As shown by (Dunning, E. Murphy, P. Williams, J. 1986) the early works of Ian Taylor, from a Marxist point of view, states that the rise of the football hooligan stems from the boursification and internationalisation of the game, and that clubs used to be the working mans voice or resistance movement against the middle class groups seeking to gain control and to implement their middle class values on society. It was believed that spectacularisation of the game through p re match shows, better seating and increased commercialisation alienated the working class fans. A largely similar approach was developed by Clarke (1978), he argued that hooliganism originated in the way in which the traditional forms of football watching encounter the professionalization and spectacularization of the game, saying it was a consequence of the changing relationship of its audience and the game. He also believed that due to some sub cultural differences, young working class males needed to resolve essential conflict in their lives, so in turn choose hooliganism. Over recent years, professionalism has been increasingly associated with sporting organisations. Clubs and sporting organisations must perform well financially, or at the very least remain viable, if they want to survive in the highly competitive world of commercialised sport. Elite sport has developed into a business that demands nothing less than specific, professional preparation. As Shilbury and Deane (2001) suggests, institutions must now conform to commercial process of professionalism, which give emphasis to minimalist inputs, business decision making and a keen awareness of the financial interests of the shareholders. Wilson. B (2007) argues that sport has become increasing globalised and transnationalised to a point where it is possible to analyse a team or individual athlete from any country in the world and be constantly updated of their activities, even from the side of the planet. He also points out the effects that it has on the sport related cultures around the world, not to mention the increasingly realized potential and means of promotion of a capitalist agenda. This shows the capability of the media and the internet to internationalise or globalise almost any brand, allowing a capitalist ideology to be explored globally. In sport today there is an unhealthy and unequal distribution of resources, this can easily be seen when comparing economic growth between sports in Britain. For instance, football in Britain far exceeds any other sport in economic growth and in media coverage. You only have to look at the sports section in almost any newspaper in the UK, to see that is dominated by football. This is especially true when you consider the number of games broadcasted across television and the increasing need for internet streaming, all of which results in a huge financial difference between football and other sports in the UK. Burke (1999, 2005) suggests that Gramsci identified two rather distinct forms of political control, domination and hegemony. The domination refers to direct physical force by authorities, and hegemony, which referred to both ideological control and more importantly, consent. He assumed that no rule, regardless of how authoritarian it might be, could sustain itself continuously through state power and force. In the long run, it had to have popular support and legality in order to maintain stability. Even in real life today, the capitalist governing body are desperately seeking a revival to the current economic crisis, and are looking to economic business for recovery. As Woods (2009) proposed, the governing class are concerned about the social and political effects of the economic situation. Thats why they invest huge sums of money into the economy, which creates exceptionally large levels of debt. As people know, sooner or later these debts must be repaid, and that in itself is a rec ipe for an enormous crisis in the future. The theory of class conflict explains the human social history between two classes, the exploiting and the exploited. As Marx explained, in the interests of the bourgeois, ownership of the means of production enables them to employ a system of exploitation to a large mass of wage workers, the proletariat, and usually out of necessity the workers go along with this system as they have no means of livelihood other than to sell their labour to the property owners. Marxists argue that new wealth is created through work, therefore if someone gains wealth that they did not work for, and then someone else has to work for it and they do not receive the full wealth created by their work. In other words, that someone else is exploited. This is how the capitalist bourgeois might turn a large profit by exploiting workers. An example of this is shown in work by Hickman (2010) where it is suggested that many of todays top brands such as; Nike, Puma and Adidas, were found to be exploiting low wage labour workers from developing countries to a means of economic production. This can also be shown in sport through the form of child labour, which gained a lot of attention recently when extensive media coverage reported that sporting goods manufacturers were using underage child labour in a range of developing countries, the children were paid much less than the minimum wage and were used to manufacture footballs and football merchandise. The news was extremely damaging to the sporting goods industry, especially because the children would never have the chance to use any of the equipment manufactured in the factories. This evidence shows that children are being openly exploited in the sports industry and that large divisions of the industry remain unregulated. As shown by Keys (2010), child exploitation has been ongoing since the late eighteenth century, just to sustain the capitalist class and produce their economic surplus value. The theory of Marxism does contain strengths and weaknesses in relation to todays society. As is derived from Marxist principles, the increase in production in all areas of socialist life is extremely important to the success of socialism. Physical education contributes effectively towards increasing the total work output of the socialist community. The progressive development of socialism depends upon the socialist consciousness of each individual. Sport provides a good means for the development of political assurance because of the possibilities it provides for social training. Marxism can be also be viewed in a good light simply because some people, like to know there place in society as it gives them a sense of the order of things, it also gives good opportunity for personal growth. Although, the Marxist concept does show a number of weaknesses, especially as some of their views may be outdated in todays society. The industrial proletariat described by Marx is undeniably a threat ened species, particularly in western societies, in which heavy manual labour is increasingly a thing of the past. To the extent that most adults can be described as workers in terms of their relationship to the means of production, Marxs original understanding of the idea of a working class becomes less tenable. Students relate how their parents have worked all their lives. That they also earn large amounts of money and acquire considerable social status from their occupations, so this does not necessarily invalidate the claim that they are, workers. The Marxist perspective also ignores the possibility that spectatorship or participation in sport can empower individuals within capitalist societies. Furthermore Marxism only gives an exclusive focus on economic factors and underplays the significance of non economic types of conflict, for example; gender, race, age, sexual orientation and ethnicity.

ICT and You :: ICT Essays

For this work, I am going to write about how I use ICT in my everyday life. I will be looking at how I use ICT at Home and at School. I will also identify how I use ICT for: - > My own personal use (this is when I use it just for me) > Social use (this is when I use the ICT with other people) PC Technology ------------- I use Microsoft Excel a lot, which helps me to do graphs in science for coursework and I also use it at home for sorting my pocket money and spending so I am organized with my money and don’t overspend. It is very easy to use and your work is always very neat and presentable which is important for my coursework. I also use Microsoft Word for many things in school, these include: writing out coursework, completing homework and English essays. Microsoft word offers a great easy program, which is easy to use and also you can put text, pictures and photographs onto a word document. I like using MS FrontPage to design and make web pages and websites this can be done personally for me or socially for a group of people. Designing website can be relaxing and stress free or can be frustrating and stressing, all depending on what type of web site it is. Internet The internet is very helpful to me in school because I can search up useful and useless information an instant using search engines like â€Å"google† the downsides to sites like these is, you have to be specific otherwise you could end up having thousands of pages of junk for example if your searching for the official Manchester United site and only type in â€Å"Manchester United† you will get any pages appearing containing the words â€Å"Manchester† and â€Å"United† you can get around about 3,460,000 results, when the words â€Å"Official Manchester United Football Club Website† only pages containing them words are found, there are around about 69,400 results just by being a bit more specific. I use this at home, personally to keep up-to-date with breaking news of my favorite football club and in school personally for my business coursework. At home I enjoy being on MSN messenger to talk to friends and Family worldwide, msn is good because it’s faster than email and cheaper than phone calls, the disadvantage is that my internet connection depending where I am and what time of the day it is could be slow I have a 576k ADSL modem so there’s no worries for me but slower internet connections like a 23.3k modem could have a delay or even a bad